Female Genital Mutilation: A Violation of Human Rights

Female genital mutilation is a term used to describe a wide range of traditional practices that involves partial or total removal of external female genital for cultural, religious and social reasons. This cultural practice is a violation of human rights of child and women. This article is, therefore, aims at argue against the practice of Female Genital Mutilation. In doing so, the paper divides into three parts. 

The first part will discuss about the concept, origin, types and rationales of the practice of FGM, and highlight the practice from the Ethiopian experience. The second part will also examine the tension between the Universalist and cultural relativist approaches in regards to the practice of FGM. Universalists argument is against the practice of FGM as a harmful cultural practice that violates human rights of child and women. 

Mathematical Numbers via ART

Mathematics is the science dealing with solving of problems dealing with quantity, structure; space or changes where the basic tool toper form these actions are the numbers. The source of the word “mathematics” is in the ancient Greece word, máthema, the meaning of which is: “learning, study, science” where about before 50000 years people used counting.

In the early Greek period, 9-BC began an extreme development in mathematics and the person who to him attributed the term “mathematics” was the Greek philosopher Socrates. The transformation of mathematics to a modern Torah, in its present familiar form, is attributed to the philosopher Dekart. He determined that pure logical nature of mathematics makes it the best method to investigate the reality. Modern scientists have gone the way of Descartes and used as the basis for their inquiries scientific mathematics. 

Capitalism and Capitalist State

Capitalism, also called free market economy, or free enterprise economy, economic system, dominant in the Western world since the breakup of feudalism, in which most of the means of production are privately owned and production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets.

Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.

Political Transition in Economic Decentralization: Bargaining Coalition between Central and Provincial Government in China: 1978-1993

Economic decentralization in China has created autonomous leverages for the provincial governments, and it is through bargaining, concessions, and cooperation with the provincial governments that the central government has promoted rapid economic growth. These are the existing cases of coalitional politics within Leninist reform. 

However, such phenomenal circumstances have not been given serious consideration by most current students of the China’s reforms, who usually neglected the irreversible political transitions away from Leninism in Communist countries; nor do my findings support theories of political development, which see political coalitions only as alignments between the state and organized social interests, such as parties and interest groups. The deficiency of both types of explanations prohibits them from correctly explaining new political events in the Chinese economic decentralization.

Analyzing Good Governance and Decentralization in Developing Countries

This paper provides an analysis of the strategies of the neo-liberal economic paradigm operating through good governance and decentralization programs emanating from the global centers of power. The strategies of neo-liberalism can be found in the narrative of participation, empowerment, and civil society. It is argued that these narratives act as depoliticizing discourse. 

While it is true that developing countries have been integrated into a global capitalist order the logic of capitalism has still to gain ground and be fully embedded in the less-developed world. Owing to the fact that these developing societies are still run on the bases of hybrid economic systems (a mix of tribal, agrarian and capitalist systems) and practices, and the fact that the spread of capitalism around the world does not provide equal opportunities to all, the result is that these countries present a significantly distorted picture of good governance and decentralization.