Female Genital Mutilation: A Violation of Human Rights

Female genital mutilation is a term used to describe a wide range of traditional practices that involves partial or total removal of external female genital for cultural, religious and social reasons. This cultural practice is a violation of human rights of child and women. This article is, therefore, aims at argue against the practice of Female Genital Mutilation. In doing so, the paper divides into three parts. 

The first part will discuss about the concept, origin, types and rationales of the practice of FGM, and highlight the practice from the Ethiopian experience. The second part will also examine the tension between the Universalist and cultural relativist approaches in regards to the practice of FGM. Universalists argument is against the practice of FGM as a harmful cultural practice that violates human rights of child and women. 

Mathematical Numbers via ART

Mathematics is the science dealing with solving of problems dealing with quantity, structure; space or changes where the basic tool toper form these actions are the numbers. The source of the word “mathematics” is in the ancient Greece word, máthema, the meaning of which is: “learning, study, science” where about before 50000 years people used counting.

In the early Greek period, 9-BC began an extreme development in mathematics and the person who to him attributed the term “mathematics” was the Greek philosopher Socrates. The transformation of mathematics to a modern Torah, in its present familiar form, is attributed to the philosopher Dekart. He determined that pure logical nature of mathematics makes it the best method to investigate the reality. Modern scientists have gone the way of Descartes and used as the basis for their inquiries scientific mathematics. 

Capitalism and Capitalist State

Capitalism, also called free market economy, or free enterprise economy, economic system, dominant in the Western world since the breakup of feudalism, in which most of the means of production are privately owned and production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets.

Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.

Political Transition in Economic Decentralization: Bargaining Coalition between Central and Provincial Government in China: 1978-1993

Economic decentralization in China has created autonomous leverages for the provincial governments, and it is through bargaining, concessions, and cooperation with the provincial governments that the central government has promoted rapid economic growth. These are the existing cases of coalitional politics within Leninist reform. 

However, such phenomenal circumstances have not been given serious consideration by most current students of the China’s reforms, who usually neglected the irreversible political transitions away from Leninism in Communist countries; nor do my findings support theories of political development, which see political coalitions only as alignments between the state and organized social interests, such as parties and interest groups. The deficiency of both types of explanations prohibits them from correctly explaining new political events in the Chinese economic decentralization.

Analyzing Good Governance and Decentralization in Developing Countries

This paper provides an analysis of the strategies of the neo-liberal economic paradigm operating through good governance and decentralization programs emanating from the global centers of power. The strategies of neo-liberalism can be found in the narrative of participation, empowerment, and civil society. It is argued that these narratives act as depoliticizing discourse. 

While it is true that developing countries have been integrated into a global capitalist order the logic of capitalism has still to gain ground and be fully embedded in the less-developed world. Owing to the fact that these developing societies are still run on the bases of hybrid economic systems (a mix of tribal, agrarian and capitalist systems) and practices, and the fact that the spread of capitalism around the world does not provide equal opportunities to all, the result is that these countries present a significantly distorted picture of good governance and decentralization.

The Civilization of Fear

All those who live on milk lack the experience to talk about what is right. They are still babies. However, solid food is for mature people, whose minds are trained by practice to know the difference between good andevil. Hebrews 5:13-14 GOD’S WORD For ages philosophers wonder about the fundamental difference between a human being and an animal. 

In another words, how rational creatures differ from non rational? “I am able to think, so I'm a rational creature; an animal is unable to think, so it is a non rational creature”, a person can exclaim proudly. of course, no arguing about that. Notto mention that human being is able to speak, too. Yet, sometimes human beings act as if they are completely non-rational. Oh yes, it happens. 

Suggestions to improve the governance of Urban Local governments of Bangladesh

Since the re-establishment of Democracy, Bangladesh is witnessed a major political transformation as it could preserve the autonomy of the local bodies. However, the urban local bodies are not functioning well as they remained poor in adapting to the policies and norms. An exploratory descriptive research identified the central government’s control over financial regulations, dominance of political and administrative practices hampering the administrative capacity of the urban local self-government.

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Editor s Note on Journal of Political Science and Public Affairs Volume Issue

Editor s Note on Journal of Political Science and Public Affairs Volume Issue

Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions of Development Worldwide

The scope of this paper is to examine the main economic, social and political dimensions of development worldwide. More specifically, our analysis focuses on the study of the links between the levels of income per capita, the level of perceived corruption, the degree of human development, the extent of government effectiveness and the quality of the political system as the main variables describing the level of overall development in a country.

As we expected, we find that all these factors are very important determinants of the scale of overall development, since combinations of these factors according to their values determine clusters of countries with different patterns of overall development. As a result, an effective policy towards development demands integrated strategies that incorporate efforts for low corruption and high income, human development and government effectiveness levels. However, in order these strategies to be sustainable in the long run they should be associated with democratic transformations.

Female Genital Mutilation: A Violation of Human Rights

Female genital mutilation is a term used to describe a wide range of traditional practices that involves partial or total removal of external female genital for cultural, religious and social reasons. This cultural practice is a violation of human rights of child and women. This article is, therefore, aims at argue against the practice of Female Genital Mutilation. In doing so, the paper divides into three parts. The first part will discuss about the concept, origin, types and rationales of the practice of FGM, and highlight the practice from the Ethiopian experience. 

The second part will also examine the tension between the Universalist and cultural relativist approaches in regards to the practice of FGM. Universalists argument is against the practice of FGM as a harmful cultural practice that violates human rights of child and women. Whereas cultural relativists are supporting for the continuity of the practice as there is no culture which can evaluate other cultural practices as moral, ethical and valid or not, and as it is performed for the sake of cleaning the vagina of girls and make them ready to marry. 

Global Health Networks

Made out of nine studies, the supplement offers experiences on the development, viability, and authenticity of worldwide well being systems tending to infant survival, maternal survival, pneumonia, tuberculosis, tobacco control, and liquor misuse. 

The studies analyze why some worldwide wellbeing conditions and difficulties pull in more prominent approach consideration and assets than others, in spite of similar seriousness. As per Shiff man, worldwide well being systems do make a difference, especially to shape the way issues and arrangements are comprehended, and for persuading governments, universal associations and other worldwide performers to address the issue.

Changed scenario of social status of rural women

Recent studies have shown that decision making role of rural women has been increased dramatically. This change can be attributed to the penetration of educational facilities, advanced scientific or technological inventions, mass media, communications, etc., to the remote areas. These factors changed the perception of rural women towards modernit.

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Is there any relation between increasing crimes and population density

Crime statistics of the past decades show that in many developed countries crime rate has been doubled and in developing countries it is even worse. Recent studies have shown that the transfer of rural properties to urban localities has been one of the main reasons for the increase in crime rate in cities.  

Book Review Sexual Abused Victim (Malay Version)

Written by Nor Shafrin Ahmad, this book provides exposure to the public about cases of sexual abuse, especially for individuals who are involved in handling the case. The experience and observations of the author towards the victims of sexual abuse wrought in this book with the hope that the reader can identify and understand the various symptoms suffered by the victim.

This book contains twelve chapters that take the reader to understand the issues of sexual abuse, the chronology of the case, the purpose or the rate of sexual abuse, a model that explains the condition of the victim, the victim and the abuser, the impact of sexual abuse on victims, the style of action used by the victim as well as a guide to help them. Much more interesting is the impact of sexual abuse suffered by the victim discussed in detail simple and common example of case. Through this book will help people to identify victims of sexual abuse in the early stages of the incident. 

Analyzing Good Governance and Decentralization in Developing Countries

The strategies of the neo-liberal economic paradigm were operated through good governance and decentralization of development activities. These programs are emanated from the global centres of power. The strategies of neo-liberalism can be easily found in the chronicle of participation, empowerment and civil society. In practice however, it is widening the differences between the haves and knots, leading to rural, urban divide.

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Developmental Theories and the Challenge for the 21st Century

Empirical research on developmental theories of crime first informed us that increase in social capital such as quality marriages, jobs or first time fatherhood would lead toward desistance, except among men who were substance abusers. However, the men in this notable work by Robert Sampson and John Laub were based on a cohort who came of age during World War two. 

While this seemed disheartening for those of us who hoped for social policies that might facilitate such attachment policies, at least in the United States where the incarceration mania continued until recently. Now new re-entry policies have begun to lead to de-carceration movements around the country. While this is laudable, job creation and treatment programs also must be created to facilitate successful reentry. The neighborhoods some of these form felons may not increase but rather decrease their social capital.

Simulations of Three-dimensional Second Grade Fluid Flow Analysis in Converging-Diverging Nozzle

An analysing flow pattern in a converging-diverging nozzle has been one of interesting topic in computational fluid dynamics. There are numerous applications of this flow phenomenon in aerospace and engineering sciences. Such processes are difficult to handle analytically due to complex mathematical model associated to the flow and ensuing instabilities carried by flow parameters. Looking back to the history Jaffery and Hamel, in their studies considered the converging diverging channel steady two dimensional Newtonian fluid flow. 

They observed quiet interesting results by treating Navier-Stokes equations with similarity transforms. Further developments were presented in Schlichtinh and Batchelor based on the boundary layer approximations. Makinde examined the in compressible Newtonian fluid flow by incorporation of linearly diverging symmetrical channel. Recently, Zarqa et al. performed approximate analytical analysis using Adomian decomposition method for a channel with variable diverging ratio. It is evident by several studies that the mechanism of such flows is characterized due the fact that shocks instabilities are produced within the flow domain. 

Is judiciary is politicized? Check this critical research

Much has been written about the decline in the public perception of the U.S. Supreme Court and the judicial branch. Americans believe politics played “too great a role” in the original health care cases surrounding the Affordable Care Act by a greater than two-to one margin. Over sixty percent of Americans express no too little confidence in the Supreme Court. Academics continue to debate how much politics actually influences the Court, but Americans are excessively skeptical. 

The vast majority of Americans fail to know that, on average, almost half of the cases brought before the Supreme Court are decided unanimously, and the Justices’ voting pattern split by the political party of the president to whom they owe their appointment in fewer than seven percent of cases. Why the mistrust? We argue that Americans have increasingly viewed the government as being guided by interests outside of the general good. 

PATH (People Assessing Their Health) Process and Deliberative Opinion Poll for Public Scoping in Health Impact Assessment

Modern developments in Thailand such as industrial estate, mining and dam bring many benefits, increased economic activity, trade, employment, resource for agricultural but , can also have negative impacts on environment, health,cultural practices, community rights, social problem. Mab Ta Phut industrial estate in Rayong Province settles in 1981 encompressing 10,000 rai (1600 acers) and 95 industrial plants. 

The Mab ta Phut generate economic prosperity for local people when compare in Gross Provincial product in 2004, household income on the other hand many study in the area since 1998 was founded air pollution, water pollution, shoreline erosion, hazardous waste, intellectual and spiritual health ,child and youth problem and health problem (cancer, mental health,social health). Kwaenoi Dam in Kunchong distric of Phitsanulok Province is design for irrigation water for farmers in a 769 million qubicmeter reservoir initate health problem are malaria infected, respiratory disease, diarrhea, parasitic infection, injuries and accident, sexually transmitted disease and social wellbeing. 

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Victimological Measurement of Crime in the Republican of Tatar Stan

An effective response to crime is not possible without an analysis of the social consequences of crime, which can be, if not in scale, but getting out of official criminal statistics. It should be borne in mind that the statistics only in the most general form can identify trends that clearly reflect the state of crime in society. Modern Russian crime statistics allows us to study various aspects of criminal behaviour in the community, including victimization, forming its own information database victimization statistics. 

Victimological statistic – is one of the most important areas of modern legal statistics that best describes the negative social consequences of crime, referring to their specific term Sacrifice crime. It should be understood that not one type of crime statistics is not an ideal tool for measuring its negative consequences. The obvious shortcomings of crime statistics: incomplete and distorted, write modern Russian researchers. However, despite this attitude to statistical crime indicators it would be unwise to ignore them completely. 

Is Anyone Listening? The Politicization of the Judiciary and the Loss of Authority: An Initial Assessment

Much has been written about the decline in the public perception of the U.S. Supreme Court and the judicial branch. Americans believe politics played “too great a role” in the original health care cases surrounding the Affordable Care Act by a greater than two-to one margin. Over sixty percent of Americans express no to little confidence in the Supreme Court. Academics continue to debate how much politics actually influences the Court, but Americans are excessively skeptical.

The vast majority of Americans fail to know that, on average, almost half of the cases brought before the Supreme Court are decided unanimously, and the Justices’ voting pattern split by the political party of the president to whom they owe their appointment in fewer than seven percent of cases. Why the mistrust? We argue that Americans have increasingly viewed the government as being guided by interests outside of the general good. More specifically, we suggest Americans believe the government is increasingly beholden to specialized, entrenched interests that have corrupted a political system.

Comparative Study of Multiple Causation in the Iranian and Malaysian Tort Law

Multiple causation is one of the most complex legal issues in the tort law of both Iran and Malaysia. Consequently, lawyers and judges have devoted special attention to the subject. Different theories and solutions in both tortious legal systems show the importance and complexity of the subject. Various articles, as well as textbooks on tort law have been dedicated to the issue. In Iranian law, some sections of the Islamic Penalties Act (IPA) 1992 and the Civil Liability Act (CLA) 1961, as well as the Civil Act (CA) 1929, focus specifically on this issue. 

In their discourse, legal practitioners and writers have also included causation as one of the elements of tortious liability. For instance, Iranianlegal writers, such as Katouzian, Darabpour, as well as Malaysian legalwriters, such as Talib, Kidner, Murphy, Howarth, and Prosser amongst others, dwell extensively on this issue. However, writers on Iranian tort law all concentrate on the old theories that have been derived from Islamic law. By contrast, Malaysian law is based, in part, on the common law, and is, to that extent, influenced by that system. 

Is Anyone Listening? The Politicization of the Judiciary and the Loss of Authority: An Initial Assessment

Much has been written about the decline in the public perception of the U.S. Supreme Court and the judicial branch. Americans believe politics played “too great a role” in the original health care cases surrounding the Affordable Care Act by a greater than two-to one margin. Over sixty percent of Americans express no too little confidence in the Supreme Court. Academics continue to debate how much politics actually influences the Court, but Americans are excessively skeptical. 

The vast majority of Americans fail to know that, on average, almost half of the cases brought before the Supreme Court are decided unanimously, and the Justices’ voting pattern split by the political party of the president to whom they owe their appointment in fewer than seven percent of cases. Why the mistrust? We argue that Americans have increasingly viewed the government as being guided by interests outside of the general good. More specifically, we suggest Americans believe the government is increasingly beholden to specialized, entrenched interests that have corrupted a political system. This is nothing new in relation to Congress and to a lesser extent the Presidency. What is new is that very recently, the distrust shared by Congress and the President has been applied to the courts.

Sex Offender Treatment: Two Promising Approaches?

It is with great pleasure that I share the following editorial, “Sex Offender Treatment: Two Promising Approaches” published in the inaugural issue of Sociology and Criminology. This innovative open access journal promises to appeal to a wide range of audiences interested incriminology and criminal justice. The OMICS Group Special features of the journal ensure rapid dissemination of high quality studies in the discipline.

This commentary focuses on an important and controversial public policy issue in our field–sex offender treatment. It argues that in conjunction with punishment, treatment efforts should also be considered for sex offender management in the U.S. The pronounced attention to sex offending in the U.S. is striking. To illustrate, the population of registered sex offenders nationally comprises nearly 740,000 individuals. Given the expansion of registry laws, this number is on track to increase significantly in future years. 

Ideological Threats of our Time, Security and Stability in Society, and their Interaction

Geopolitical goals tend to be in tune with the other ingredients of ideological politics. Ideological influence turns into the most influential tool of geopolitics. Certain political forces have in mind thecreation of the ideological environment of subordination to their interestsconsciousness and thinking of different layers of the world's people, especially the youth, through the provision of ideological influence. For the modern globalized world is characterized by ideological threat.

Priority objective of the ideological wars - a purposeful ideological influence and manipulation of public opinion, the conquest and retention of power, the achievement of political, military and economicsuperiority without considering the interests of states, inferior in economic, political and military power that might pose a serious danger to the bilateral relations.Under the spiritual threat is necessary, first of all, we must bear in mind the ideological, ideological and informational aggression directed at any person regardless of language, religion, belief, against his freedom in the fullest sense of the word, with the aim of total offense spiritual world.

Hardships Children face in the United States of America by Having a Parent in Prison: How to Help Them! A Program Proposal

This research intends to discover how youth are impacted by having one or both parents incarcerated; and identify consequential outcomes youth incur, in their attempt to cope with parental separation. Perusing thisissue, may reveal that as a parent walks into prison, their childrensimultaneously walk into a revolving door of multiple dilemmas linked topsychological challenges, behavioural difficulties, and emotional/ cognitive issues. Researchers have revealed that children who have a parent in prison are linked to many negative outcomes unfortunately. This highlights the importance of the ripple effect of having an incarcerated parent. 

Strategies andapproaches to creating a network of effective support and ameliorationservices, to aid this population of youth, cannot be determined without first having this knowledge as part of the needs assessment. Understanding the impact and operational dynamics of youth with a parent or parents in prison is critical to implement a successful program with the goals and objectives of addressing the needs of these youth and decreasing negative outcomes.

 

Food Insecurity among Dalit Communities in India: Searching the Root Causes and Dimensions

Food security can be defined as a situation wherein all households have physical and economic access to adequate food for all members, and where households are not at risk of deprivation of this basic access. Explicitly, this access is inseparably linked to the larger question of the survival of humanity. 

Implicitly, the different elements that influence food security can be classified into three broad dimensions- food availability which depend on food production and imports, secondly food access which depend on purchasing power, and thirdly, food absorption, is a functions of safe drinking water, environmental hygiene, primary health care and education. However, we must point out thatwater security is also an inseparable component of food security. Hence, the question of availability, stability and access is also equally applicable to the question of water security as a part of larger food security. 

Football: A Call for Transparency to Curb Corruption

Football, which has experienced an astounding transformation to a global industry with significant economic impact, has been a vehicle for the transmission of cultural and universal values. Its structural complexity (players, transferagents, clubs and its owners, right holders of different contracts) creates a lot of moving parts that can easily hide illicit activity, especially because this structure incorporates the international market. 

The movement of large amounts of money, the difficulty in accounting for all transactions, and ironically, the clubs’ own financial needs increase this sector’s vulnerability to organized crime, in order to curb corruption and money laundering through them. The article argues for careful situation involving Football, identifying therisks of misconduct within sport organizations, and proposing measures that could prevent hamper and punish any attempts to thwart these organizations’ main goal: promoting sport as a way for cultural improvement and teaching people the values of tolerance and civilized coexistence.

Oil and Darfur's Blood: China's Thirst for Sudan's Oil

China, a rising super power and one of the fast growing economies in the world is showing unparalleled interest in Sudan. This interestplays itself out at the UN Security Council as well as inside Sudan. On numerous occasions, China has defied the United Nations Security Council and the international community by it usage or threat of veto to block several UN resolutions and sanctions on Khartoum’s regime and those accused of war crimes in Darfur. All these make China-Sudan relation more complex as well as interesting topic for an exploration. 

In this paper, focus is on China’s roles at the UN, China’s oil imports from Sudan and its arms ‘trades with Sudanese regime and how this complex relationship affects the Darfur conflict. Finally,the paper explores ways that China can help UN with the rest of the world tobring a lasting political settlement to Sudan’s region of Darfur.

Hardships Children face in the United States of America by Having a Parent in Prison: How to Help Them! A Program Proposal

This is a qualitative study examining research that has previously investigated the impact the incarceration of parents has on children in the United States of America. The study will explore root causes andcausality outcomes for youth behaviors, on a psychological and childdevelopment level, by examining data, results and findings from multiple journal articles related to this topic and documenting patterns, commonalities, differences and/or connections that may define why children often develop so many challenging outcomes.

The research questions are, why children who have an incarcerated parent are characterized to produce so many negative outcomes, such as emotional, learning and behavioral challenges; what do developmental theories say about this? What will be the best program implementation design to aid effectively in reducing negative outcomes, among youth who have a parent in prison?

Demographic Impacts on Students' Political e-Participation: A Survey of Universities of Dera Ismail Khan, KP Pakistan

The impact of demographics on the student’s Political e-Participation. The scholar conducted preliminary research to get existing empathetic of the selected topic according to contemporary researchers. 

The emergence of new digital technologies has resulted in optimistic concepts such as digital democracy, cyber democracy, digital agora, virtual community, and the global village, giving the impression that the cyberspace mechanically implies the broadening of democracy within society. The task of e-Participationis to empower people with digital technologies to be able to act inbottom-up-decision process, in order to make informed decisions, and to develop social and political responsibility. As suggested by the existing research, survey approach (Literature and Field Surveys) were adopted for data collection. Literature was used both for the preliminary and main studies. Primary data was collected through a ‘Structured-Questionnaire’ constructed using the working concepts extracted from the literature. 

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Victimologic Measurement Crime in Russia: Criminological Analysis of the Effects

Effective combating crime is not possible without an analysis of the social consequences of crime, which can be obtained from materials of the Russian official criminal statistics. Modern Russian criminal statisticsallows you to explore various aspects of criminal behaviour in society, forming its own information database victimologic statistics. 

Victimologic statistics is one of the most important areas of modern legal statistics, which is most characteristic of the negative social consequences of crime, and calling them the specific term “sacrifice crime”. You must understand that no one type of statistical accounting of the crime is not the ideal instrument for its measurement. Modern researchers write about the shortcomings of the criminalstatistics: incompleteness and distortion. However, despite this attitude to statistics crime it is not necessary to ignore them completely. Moreover, the analysis of the main indicators characterizing the “sacrifice of crime”, is extremely necessary, because it corrects criminal statistics, showing the reduction of crime in Russia.

Inter sectionality of Marginalization and Inequality: A Case Study of Muslims in India

Marginalization is a process that leads to side lining of a certain community/individual to the periphery of the social space that eventually constrain their life choices at political space, social negotiation, and economic bargaining. It is a complexcontested umbrella term is inextricably linked with the concept of inequalitywithin the marginalized communities. 

In fact, inequality and marginalization are usually at interface in that they both with interacts and reinforces each other. Religious minority groups are amongst those who encounter severe exclusion, discrimination and oppression. In case of Indian Muslims as areligious marginalized community, these two concepts overlap. However, concern with ‘marginalization’ is relatively recent and it is imperative to check the development trajectory on the marginalized groups. 

The Jodi Arias Saga: A Tragic Drama

On June 4, 2008, 27 year old Jodi Ann Arias murdered her lover, 30 year old Travis Alexander. Demonized in the popular press, Arias is often depicted as a crazy jealous angry sociopath who had a fatal attraction toward a man who was largely indifferent to her. Yet when her story is examinedfrom a feminist perspective, the gendered sociological and psychological forces that influenced her decision to commit the brutal crime become apparent. The all-encompassing rage that fueled her violent action was at least partially the result of being used, degraded and held to a double standard by a man who, at first glance, seemed to be her prince charming. As such, Jodi Arias is not the monster she has been portrayed to be. Her story can instead be likened to a tragic play.

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Attitude of agents towards General insurance corporation subsidiary companies in Tamil Nadu

The general insurance corporation attained the company status in 1972 and it commenced its business on the 1st January of 1973. Later, the government of India subscribed to the capital of GIC. The organization todaythe company is in a position to expand to other regions and could offer itsservices. Insurance provides a strong base for the economic growth of the country. It protects against the loss of property, which would be an obstacle for the wealth   creation.

Insurance agent being an individual who receives or agrees to receive payment by way of commission or other remuneration in consideration of his soliciting or procuring insurance business including business relating to the continuance, renewal or revival of policies of insurance. In the presentstudy the researcher has made an emphasis on the role of agents and problemsfaced by them of general insurance companies. The agency service is a vital organ of marketing of general insurance policies. 

Caste And Prostitution In India: Politics Of Shame And Of Exclusion

The act of prostitution has existed in India since centuries have undergone change within its nature, intensity and issues concerning it. Once, socio culturally sanctified prostitution is now have been reconstructed and represented through language as a matter of undignified profession eventually marginalizes a women in sex work from all Public Spaces. 

The power of culture and language of social morality instrumentalizes the body of women which eventually denies them their most basic human rights on the pretext of being indulged in Shameful activity. Shame constructed through social morality has instrumentality to make women in sex work subservient to the desires of Men. Caste is one of the determining factor when it comes to Ritualized prostitution. Even though ritualized prostitution is illegal it is still prevalent. Castesystem as essentially being exclusionary tends to impose prostitution which issocially considered as Shameful on lower caste groups (as in the case of Jogins of Andhra Pradesh) in such a manner that it eventually reinforces the dominance of cultural traditions of which caste system is a part. Many lower caste communities are forced to be in this profession in the name of traditional culture (Like Nats in Rajasthan).

Putin and Future of Russia

Politics is a process. Past events, in most of the cases, influence the decision makers of present. For past few years, Putin has been pursuing aggressive foreign policies. Annexation of Crimea has been seriousamong all. When Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, liberal democratic countries under the leadership of USA protested and reacted by imposing sanctions. 

Though public opinion outside Russia was unfavorable against the annexation, Russian people approved and applauded Putin for successfully gaining lost territory of Crimea. This can by proved by the fact that Putin’s approval rating skyrocketedafter the annexation of Crimea. Many liberals accused Putin of breaking the international law without examining what made Putin make a dangerous move. Before Putin annexed Crimea, he would have foreseen accusations and sanctions from international community. He was well aware of cost. However, he knew west is handicapped to act meaningfully. Because, policies of NATO instigated Putin to annex Crimea.

Rural Women and Marriage

The present study entitled Rural Women and Marriage is an outcome of field study covering tri-dimensional aspects of Indian rural women. These dimensions are marriage, education and decision making role of women. Theresearcher observed that the condition of women neither wholly changed norwholly traditional and deprived. An amalgamated spectrum of rural women in changing order and their problem perspective is a floating reality. Due to spread of educational facilities, growing and advancing scientific and technological inventions, increasing rate of industrial environment, changing attitude of rural population towards modernism, changing frontiers of Indian traditional values, better job opportunities have all left a subsection of Indian women society for tending to change in modern era.

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Has the Tea Party Eclipsed the Republican Establishment in the 2016 Presidential Elections?

The premise of the paper is that Tea Party candidates for the presidency have an institutional advantage over establishment candidates in the Republican primaries and caucuses. The reason for this is that the Tea Party constitutesthe base of the Republican Party. The majority of Republicans support the Tea Party and they constitute 64% of primary voters. 

The significance of the 2016 presidential elections is that the Tea Party emerged as the leading force in the national Republican Party. In the lead-up to the first presidential caucusin Iowa, three of the top five Republican candidates, Donald Trump, Ben Carson,and Ted Cruz are Tea Party-backed candidates. These three candidates alone are ranked number one by more than 50% of Republican voters in the polls. The combined number one ranking of all establishment candidates Carly Fiorina, Jeb Bush, John Kasich, and Chris Christy average only 30% of Republican voters in the polls. The paper explains the Tea Party’s 10 principles and “primary” strategy to defeat Republicans in Name Only (RINOs) in primaries. It also examines the campaign organizations of the Tea Party Candidates which is central to mobilizing the Tea Party vote in primaries and caucuses.