Criminological Explanation of Trafficking in Women and Children in India

Criminology is the scientific study of crime and its treatment. It is related to those conducts of human behavior which are prohibited by criminal laws and social norms. There are three principles of criminology, namely, sociology of law, criminal etiology and penology. Sociology of law is the study of crime as a social phenomenon and it is the scientific analysis of social conditions which are responsible for the criminal behavior. Criminology sees that human trafficking is the criminalbehavior which violates human rights and breaks criminal law. No matter what the degree of immorality and indecency of an act, human trafficking is not a crime unless it is prohibited by the criminal law. Criminal etiology analyses the causes of crime including those conditions which lead to committing of crimes. Criminal etiology sees that poverty, deceit, distraction, unemployment, lure of job, migration, inequity and corruption are the major causes of human trafficking. Penology is the study of penal code and crime control and explores remedies which may help in the rehabilitation of victims.

Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children has become an issue of grave concern around the globe today including India PPI. Human trafficking is a crime against humanity that affects sense of well being of human beings. It is the most serious organized crime of the world, transcending cultures, geography and time. Human trafficking is a gross commercialisation of innocent human beings by organised criminals. Human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings for the purposes of reproductive slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, forced labour and it is known as a modern-day form of slavery. It has been estimated that out of the total number of persons affected by human trafficking in which 80% women and 50% children are affected by human trafficking in India. Annually, 20 billion rupees are turned over through human trafficking.

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Diverse Histories, Different Outcomes: Social Policy and Development in Latin America and East Asia

During the 20 century, over two hundred million Latin Americans and South East Asians abandoned their secular, agrarian, traditions and migrated to a modern, urban, way of making a living; at the same time, countless millions housewives joined the workforce. A turbulent, painful, and frequently violent, process that is still ongoing in full transition in the regions as a whole. It has been the birth of a century. It was led by theState, through two succesive developmental strategies: Initially, the State had to build economic infrastructure by itself, meanwhile, social policy was used mainly as a means to transform backward peasantry into a fairly healthy, and educated, urban workforce. The second strategy took advantage of these achievements, to promote State-led market economies, meanwhile social policy shifted it focus mainly to address the problems of already large urban populations. 

Both regions are emerging out of this process as significant economic actors of the 21 century, and at the same time their overall indicators measured by UNDP social development index have improved quite dramatically. Yet, in spite of these regularities, wide differences are evidenced in their respective outcomes: Latin America started its transformation decades earlier, but East Asia has changed much faster; the former is the most socially unequal part of the world and relies heavily in the rent of natural resources exploited by a tiny part of the workforce, which relegated in large part to commerce and non-productive services, remains in large part poorly educated and precariously unemployed or unemployed; meanwhile the latter is amongst the most egalitarian, and bases its economic might in the value added by its highly qualified, fairly decently and fully employed, mainly industrial, workforce. The paper tries to explain these different outcomes in the history of transition in both regions, analysed in the intersecting spaces of tectonic shifts in their social relations, historical starting points and paths, and institutional arrangements

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